A second-generation "hypoxia in a pill" rescues neurodegenerative phenotypes across distinct mouse models.

A growing body of preclinical research is demonstrating the therapeutic potential of chronic, continuous hypoxia (11% FIO 2 ) for rare and common diseases. However, the chronic delivery of hypoxic gas poses both practical challenges and long-term safety concerns. We previously introduced a small-molecule, "hypoxia-in-a-pill" combining a hemoglobin affinity enhancer (GBT440) to limit oxygen delivery with a HIF-2α inhibitor (PT2399) to prevent detrimental compensatory erythropoiesis. Although this small-molecule regimen extended the lifespan of the Ndufs4 knockout (KO) mouse model of mitochondrial complex I deficiency and Leigh syndrome, its efficacy did not match chronic 11% FIO 2 . Here we optimize this regimen using GBT601, a second-generation hemoglobin affinity enhancer with longer half-life and greater hemoglobin occupancy, and show it rescues key neurodegenerative phenotypes in multiple models. When we initiate therapy in 50 d old Ndufs4 KO mice with advanced disease, GBT601 monotherapy alleviated neurological disease phenotypes and extended median lifespan from 62 to 105 d, while dual therapy with the GBT601/PT2399 combination extended median lifespan to 158 d. When initiated after onset of advanced disease in a mouse model of Friedreich's ataxia, the combination halted further progression of motor phenotypes. In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease due to α-synuclein toxicity, initiating the GBT601/PT2399 combination after onset of motor dysfunction attenuates brain hyperoxia and lipid peroxidation and reverses motor phenotypes. Importantly, the combination maintained body weight without inducing any signs of pulmonary hypertension. Our findings motivate further preclinical and clinical evaluation of our "hypoxia in a pill" approach for diseases with high unmet need.